When we discuss domestic violence, what are we really talking about? In Singapore, the term often used is “family violence,” and it covers much more than just physical fights.
It’s any controlling, coercive, threatening, or violent behaviour between family members. While exploring the psychological causes of domestic violence in perpetrators is complex, our focus here is on understanding the harm inflicted and the path to safety for survivors.
This isn’t a private family matter; it’s a serious issue where the psychological impact of domestic violence can be especially damaging, leaving invisible scars that affect a person’s entire view of themselves and the world.
1. Complex PTSD (C-PTSD) and Trauma Responses
Many are familiar with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), but survivors of ongoing abuse often experience a more pervasive condition known as Complex PTSD (C-PTSD). Unlike PTSD from a single event, C-PTSD is a response to prolonged, repeated trauma. Its effects are deeply woven into a survivor’s personality.
- Emotional Dysregulation: Survivors may experience intense mood swings, overwhelming sadness, or explosive anger that feels uncontrollable. This is a direct result of the nervous system being in a constant state of high alert.
- Distorted Self-Perception: This is a key feature of C-PTSD. Survivors often internalise the abuser’s hateful words, leading to profound feelings of shame, guilt, and worthlessness. They may feel fundamentally “broken” or that the abuse was their fault.
- Relationship Difficulties: The ultimate betrayal of trust by a loved one makes it incredibly hard to form healthy attachments. Survivors may avoid intimacy altogether or, tragically, find themselves in similar abusive dynamics because the pattern feels familiar.
2. Cognitive Impairment and “Brain Fog”
Living in survival mode has a direct impact on brain function. The stress hormone cortisol can impair memory, attention, and decision-making.
- Memory Issues: The brain may block out traumatic events as a defence mechanism, creating gaps in memory. This can be especially challenging when trying to recall details for Court proceedings in Singapore.
- Loss of Concentration: It becomes nearly impossible to focus on work, studies, or parenting when your mind is constantly scanning for the next threat.
- Impaired Judgment: The cycle of abuse warps a survivor’s perception of what is normal or safe. This cognitive fog can make the complex process of applying for a Personal Protection Order (PPO) or seeking help from social services feel overwhelming without guidance.
3. Severe Anxiety, Depression, and Suicidal Thoughts
The crushing weight of helplessness and isolation is a direct path to serious mental health conditions.
- Chronic Anxiety and Panic Attacks: This isn’t just worry; it’s a persistent state of dread and hypervigilance. A survivor might experience sudden panic attacks, heart palpitations, and a constant feeling that something terrible is about to happen.
- Deepening Depression: The emotional toll, combined with being cut off from support systems, often leads to a profound and lasting depression. In Singapore, community resources such as Family Service Centres (FSCs) play a vital role in combating isolation.
- Increased Suicide Risk: For some survivors, the psychological pain becomes so all-consuming that ending their life can feel like the only way to escape. The link between domestic violence and suicidal ideation is a stark reminder of the severity of this invisible crisis.
4. Development of Unhealthy Coping Mechanisms
To survive an unbearable reality, individuals may develop coping strategies that are harmful in the long run. These are not signs of weakness but of a desperate attempt to endure an impossible situation.
- Substance Dependency: Using alcohol or drugs can become a way to numb the emotional pain and temporarily silence the fear.
- Dissociation: This is a profound mental escape. A person might feel detached from their body or as if they are watching their life from the outside. While it protects them during the abuse, it can be highly disruptive to their ability to function and connect with others later on.
- Self-Harm: For some, inflicting physical pain is a way to distract from the emotional agony or to feel something real when they are otherwise numb and dissociated.
The Many Forms of Domestic Violence
To truly understand the harm caused by family violence, we need to look beyond the obvious. The abuse can manifest in several ways, each causing significant pain and trauma.
- Physical Abuse: This is the most visible form, including hitting, slapping, choking, or any act that causes physical injury.
- Emotional and Psychological Abuse: This is often the foundation of the trauma. The consistent pattern of psychological abuse in domestic violence includes constant criticism, insults, threats, intimidation, and manipulation designed to erode your self-worth and create a state of fear.
- Sexual Abuse: This involves any unwanted sexual act or behaviour forced upon a person without their consent. It is a profound violation of trust and personal autonomy.
- Neglect: This form of abuse involves the failure to provide for the basic needs of a dependent family member, such as a child or an elderly parent.
How to Find Safety and Justice in Singapore
Recognising the abuse is the first courageous step. The next is knowing that help is available right here in Singapore. The legal system provides powerful tools to protect you and help you break free.
Personal Protection Orders (PPO)
A PPO is a formal order from the Court that legally prohibits an abuser from harming you. It is a critical first step towards ensuring your immediate safety and sending a clear signal that the violence must end.
The Path to a New Beginning with Divorce
For many, the ultimate path to safety involves a Divorce. While it is a major decision, it provides the legal separation necessary to begin healing and build a new life free from fear. Navigating the Court for a PPO or preparing for a Divorce can be complex, which is why having an expert Divorce lawyer in Singapore is so important.
The journey of healing from the psychological impact of domestic violence is a long one, but it is a path you do not have to walk by yourself. Rebuilding your life takes courage, support, and the right legal protection to ensure your safety. Remember, the abuse was never your fault, and you deserve to live a life free from fear.
Conclusion About The Psychological Impact Of Domestic Violence
If you are feeling lost and unsure of your next steps, know that expert help is available. The team at Tembusu Law is here to guide you with compassion and strength.
We have some of the best criminal lawyers and divorce lawyers in Singapore ready to protect your rights and help you secure a safe future. Don’t hesitate to reach out to us for a confidential discussion about your situation.
Frequently Asked Questions About The Psychological Impact Of Domestic Violence
What Are Some Of The Psychological Causes Of Domestic Violence?
There is no single cause, but abusive behaviour often stems from a complex mix of factors in the perpetrator. The psychological causes of domestic violence can include having a history of being abused themselves (intergenerational trauma), untreated personality disorders like Narcissistic Personality Disorder, poor impulse control, and deep-seated insecurity.
What Is Considered Domestic Violence In Singapore?
In Singapore, domestic violence isn’t just physical harm. It also includes emotional, psychological, and sexual abuse. Acts like controlling behaviour, threats, harassment, and causing continual distress all fall under the legal definition of family violence.
How Can A Personal Protection Order (PPO) Help Me?
A PPO is a Court order that makes it a criminal offence for the abuser to use violence against you or your family members. If the abuser breaches the PPO, you can call the police, and they can be arrested. It provides a legal barrier to ensure your immediate safety.
Will I Lose Custody Of My Children If I Report Abuse?
Not at all. In fact, the Court’s main concern is the welfare of the children. Proving that you are protecting your children from a violent environment is often viewed favourably by the Court when deciding on custody matters during a Divorce.
I Am Financially Dependent On My Abuser. How Can I Leave?
This is a very common and valid fear. In Singapore, the Court can grant an order for spousal and child maintenance during Divorce proceedings. There are also various social support services and shelters that can provide temporary financial aid and housing to help you get back on your feet.
